Medieval Latin was used during the Middle Ages as a literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance, which then used Renaissance Latin. Late Latin is the written language from the 3rd century its various Vulgar Latin dialects developed in the 6th to 9th centuries into the modern Romance languages, such as Italian, Sardinian, Venetian, Neapolitan, Sicilian, Piedmontese, Lombard, French, Franco-Provençal, Occitan, Corsican, Ladin, Friulan, Romansh, Catalan/ Valencian, Aragonese, Spanish, Asturian, Galician, Portuguese, Romanian (Daco-Romanian), Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian and Aromanian. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken at that time among lower-class commoners and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence and author Petronius. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet.īy the late Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin used by educated elites. Latin is a highly inflected language, with three distinct genders, six or seven noun cases, five declensions, four verb conjugations, six tenses, three persons, three moods, two voices, two or three aspects, and two numbers.
Even after the fall of Western Rome, Latin was the common language of international communication, science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the 18th century, when other regional vernaculars (including its own descendants, the Romance languages) supplanted it in common academic and political usage, and it eventually became a dead language in the modern linguistic definition. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area around present-day Rome (then known as Latium), and through the power of the Roman Republic, became the dominant language in Italia and subsequently throughout the realms of Roman Empire. Latin ( latīnum, or lingua latīna, ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Range of the Romance languages, the modern descendants of Latin, in Europe.
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